a now unalterable course of events that will culminate in the realization of the promises of God. From this perspective, πίστις, “faith,” is something objective that bestows upon the objects of hope (ἐλπιζομένων) even now a substantial reality, which will unfold in God’s appointed time. It gives them the force of present realities and enables the person of faith to enjoy the full certainty of future realization (Dörrie, ZNW 46 [1955] 201–2; Mathis and Murillo, Bib 3 [1922] 83–84). Faith provides